![]() cayetanensis were selected by a preliminary in silico analysis. lamblia, and the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene for C. parvum, the glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh) gene for G. For this purpose, we used the genomic DNA of these parasites, as well as the gene targets Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene for C. cayetanensis) causing TD accompanied by diarrhea that persists for longer than 2 weeks. This study aimed to develop a simultaneous multiplex PCR method for detecting 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites ( C. However, there are few existing rapid diagnostic tools that can save time and effort by simultaneously detecting such protozoan parasites. cayetanensis have attracted attention as the cause of TD when travelers to developing countries cannot be cured by the standard antimicrobial treatments for their diarrhea. Because the risk for cyclosporiasis has been increasing in some regions, C. In particular, waterborne protozoan parasites have been reported as the causes of endemic outbreaks in some countries. Moreover, viruses causing gastroenteritis (e.g., noroviruses and rotavirus), as well as waterborne protozoan parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Entamoeba histolytica), are also important TD pathogens. coli (EAEC), Salmonella species, Shigella species, Aeromonas species, and Campylobacter jejuni are considered the major bacterial pathogens that can elicit TD. In general, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. In addition, the GeoSentinel database from which travel-related morbidity is recorded reported 335 diarrhea cases per 1,000 medical visits after traveling. According to the CDC’s Health Information for International Travel 2016, the attack rates of TD ranged from 30% to 70% of travelers, depending on the destination and season. TD pathogens are well known for causing an urgent loose stool, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, chills, and fever. Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is the most common and persistent travel-related disease.
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